Infections in PAP SMEAR

CERVICAL CANCER INFOGRAPHIC

THINGS TO DO TO PREVENT PRE-CANCERS IN PAP SMEARS

Prevention of pre-cancers  1. Avoid being exposed to HPV 2. Don't smoke 3. Get vaccinated To know more about cancer, you can visit this website for further details: http://www.cancer.org/index

CELLULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS

Cytomorphological Criteria: •Cellular changes is caused by oncogenic type of HPV that is commonly from group 16 and 11. •The changes can be divided into 2 groups. Which are: –a) Classical Changes  (CC) – Cellular changes that occur as a

CELLULAR CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS

Cytomorphological criteria (Cellular changes) : § Nuclei have  a “ ground glass” appearance due to intranuclear viral particles.§ Enhancement of nuclear envelope caused by peripheral margination of chromatin. (Crowdy type A inclusion which contains virion push host chromatin to the

BACTERIA MORPHOLOGICALLY CONSISTENT WITH ACTINOMYCES

Actinomyces-like organism are identified cytologically as ball-like clusters of bacteria which have radiating filaments. These filaments can sometimes have a central core. Care should be taken when reporting actinomyces as other bacterial types appear very similar Organism : §Tangled clump

CELLULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

Figure 5 : The figures show a) Cellular changes of squamous cell with small perinuclear halo is apparent associated with bacterial vaginosis and filmy background of slide are seen.  Inflammatory response is apparent.  . b) Squamous cells are covered with

CELLULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CANDIDA SPP

Candida can be seen in a cervical sample as segmented hyphae and spores. The hyphae often protrude from groups of squamous cells or they can be seen as kebabs. This is where the hyphae skewer groups of vertically aligned squamous cells.